In the winter of 1743, the quarries of Fangshan and Panshan echoed with the sharp ring of iron chisels. This was the final resting place of the Qianlong Emperor. For nine years, carvers shaped these stones into sixteen monumental figures, known as shixiangsheng or wengzhong, completing them in 1752.

The emperor made a deliberate choice to break with the established rules of his dynasty. While previous Qing rulers limited their ceremonial guards to five pairs of statues, Qianlong demanded eight. He added camels, mythical qilin, and horn-bearing xiezhi to the traditional lineup of lions, elephants, horses, military officers, and civil officials. He also ordered all sixteen figures to stand upright. This departed from the older Xiaoling Mausoleum, where the animals alternated between standing and kneeling postures.

Artisans abandoned the rugged, solemn style of the early Qing dynasty. They chose instead a softer, highly ornamental aesthetic. A carver carefully shaped tiny hanging bells on the collars of the stone lions. Another artisan carved miniature treasure vases resting on the backs of the massive elephants. The civil and military officials wear court robes carved with fine, textile-like patterns, their hands holding ceremonial tablets and swords.These statues survived centuries of political upheaval and grave robberies. In 1961, the Chinese government designated them as a Major Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the National Level. In 2000, they joined the UNESCO World Heritage list.